Incorporating grammar into the vocabulary is nothing new. That is the way students of Latin learn nouns and verbs, and that little extra load on vocabulary learning more than compensates for the easy acquisition of the corresponding grammar. That is the model I have adopted here. And that, in fact, is the only way to learn irregular verbs while it will make life easy if the method is used for regular verbs as well. All the same, I will be covering regular verbs as classified into different conjugations, with verbs of each conjugation following the same rules across different tenses and moods.
Three typical verbs
In order to illustrate the main parts of the verbs that will be incorporated into the vocabulary, I shall take two different regular verbs, one of them being intransitive, viz., poddonk (= to fall)
My plan, while going through all the regular conjugations, is to limit ourselves only to the present, past definite, and the future tenses. After we have covered all the conjugations, we shall walk through the other tenses and moods, each time with a sweep across all the regular conjugations and a few irregular verbs as well.
Five principal parts
Why have these five principal parts been selected to represent all verbs? It is because all the rest of the tenses and moods are derived from one or the other of these five principal parts. For example, the future simple is derived from the second principal part. In the case of the three verbs we have selected, poddtam changes to poddtolom,
Similarly the pluperfect is derived from the fourth principal part: poddlolom,
The first principal part is the infinitive. Examples: poddonk, moddunk, korunk.
The second part is the present indicative affirmative. In our three cases it will be poddtam
The third part is the present indicative negative. That is, poddonam,
The fourth part is the past definite. Here is where you will know whether the verb is transitive or intransitive (or anomalous — we shall discus this later). These fourth parts are poddlom,
Finally, the fifth and the last principal part is the future simple negative. In the case of our three verbs, it is poddchonam,
So when you want to learn the Konkani words for to fall, to break and to make, the words will be presented thus:
- poddonk, poddtam, poddonam, poddlom, poddchonam
- moddunk, môddtam, moddinam, môddlem, môddchonam
- korunk, kôrtam, korinam, kelem, kôrchonam
For instance, to read would be: vachunk, vachtam, vachinam, vachlem, vachchonam.